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{"id":14764,"date":"2025-11-14T14:48:51","date_gmt":"2025-11-14T14:48:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/?post_type=yada_wiki&#038;p=14764"},"modified":"2025-11-15T01:26:27","modified_gmt":"2025-11-15T01:26:27","slug":"sobre-apologia-y-criton-struthio-037","status":"publish","type":"yada_wiki","link":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/sobre-apologia-y-criton-struthio-037\/","title":{"rendered":"Sobre Apolog\u00eda y Crit\u00f3n Str\u016bthi\u014d 037"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: 12pt;\">Parte de:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: 12pt;\">\u00abSobre la Apolog\u00eda de S\u00f3crates y el Crit\u00f3n de Plat\u00f3n\u00bb \/ II<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-13923 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Leo_Strauss_USA_1939-239x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"85\" height=\"106\" srcset=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Leo_Strauss_USA_1939-239x300.jpg 239w, https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Leo_Strauss_USA_1939-300x376.jpg 300w, https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Leo_Strauss_USA_1939.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 85px) 100vw, 85px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: 12pt;\">Le\u014dnardus Str\u016bthi\u014d (1899-1973)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #808000;\">\u0112RVD\u012aTI\u014cRIBVS<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/ervditioribvs\/\">***<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n<h1 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Versi\u014d hisp\u0101nica Aemili\u0101 Aquad\u012bt\u012b auctr\u012bce 37<\/span><\/h1>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><span lang=\"es-ES\">No obstante, las Leyes mismas parecen sentir que el <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">car\u00e1cter <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">satisfactorio de las leyes atenienses relativas al <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">matrimonio<\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\"> y a la educaci\u00f3n elemental, o las obligaciones <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">derivadas <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">de una deuda con ellas en raz\u00f3n de esas leyes <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">particulares,<\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\"> no bastan para justificar su exigencia de sumisi\u00f3n <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">absoluta.<\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\"> Por lo tanto, \u00abquiz\u00e1 podr\u00edan\u00bb hacer los dos agregados siguientes. Primero, le han dado a S\u00f3crates, al igual que a todos los dem\u00e1s ciudadanos, una participaci\u00f3n en todas las cosas nobles a su disposici\u00f3n: <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Meleto\"><span lang=\"es-ES\">Meleto<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"es-ES\"> puede estar en lo cierto al decir que las Leyes hacen mejores a los seres humanos (<\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\"><i>Apolog\u00eda de S\u00f3crates<\/i><\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/apologia-plato-011\/\"><span lang=\"es-ES\">24d10-11<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"es-ES\">); con <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">seguridad, son tan <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">poco <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">capaces como la mayor\u00eda de volver sensato a un hombre <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">(cf. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/crito-plato-004\/\"><span lang=\"es-ES\">44d6-10<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"es-ES\">). Segundo, <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">permiten que cualquier ateniense mayor de edad, si las Leyes y la ciudad le desagradan, vaya a una colonia ateniense o a donde quiera y lleve consigo sus bienes; ninguna ley le impide hacerlo, aunque podr\u00eda haber una que lo hiciera. Empero, cualquiera que permanezca en Atenas, al ver c\u00f3mo las Leyes deciden los casos ante los <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">tribunales <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">y administran la ciudad en otros aspectos, ha <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">acordado de <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">hecho hacer lo que ellas mandan, a menos que las convenza, si han cometido un error, de lo que es intr\u00ednseca y naturalmente justo; porque las Leyes son civilizadas y no ordenan de una manera salvaje y tir\u00e1nica, sino que est\u00e1n dispuestas a escuchar y a ser persuadidas. Este acuerdo con las Leyes toma el lugar que antes ocupaba la educaci\u00f3n por medio de ellas <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">(cf. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/crito-plato-018\/\"><span lang=\"es-ES\">51e4-7<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"es-ES\"> con <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/crito-plato-017\/\"><span lang=\"es-ES\">50e2<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"es-ES\">).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><span lang=\"es-ES\">La obediencia incondicional a las Leyes tiene, pues, dos fundamentos heterog\u00e9neos: el hecho de que han <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">engendrado<\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\"> y criado al ciudadano, y el hecho de que este ha llegado a un acuerdo con ellas; el primero lo convierte en esclavo de las Leyes, mientras que el segundo es el acto de un hombre libre; la obediencia incondicional a las Leyes tiene su ra\u00edz en la conjunci\u00f3n de la compulsi\u00f3n y el consentimiento. Y las Leyes asumen plena responsabilidad por todo cuanto se <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">haga <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">en virtud de su autoridad: por la administraci\u00f3n de <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">justicia <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">y por la administraci\u00f3n pol\u00edtica en general; las Leyes son la ciudad, el cuerpo de ciudadanos, los atenienses; aqu\u00ed se abandona en silencio la distinci\u00f3n sugerida con <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">anterioridad e<\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">ntre las Leyes y el cuerpo de ciudadanos. Hay un doble motivo para esto. Primero, las Leyes s\u00f3lo act\u00faan en raz\u00f3n de ser conocidas por los seres humanos <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">(<\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\"><i>Apolog\u00eda de <\/i><\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\"><i>S\u00f3crates<\/i><\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">,<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/apologia-plato-011\/\"><span lang=\"es-ES\">24<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"es-ES\">d11<\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\"> y sigs.), s\u00f3lo act\u00faan a trav\u00e9s de los seres humanos y, sobre todo, se originan en ellos o, para ser m\u00e1s precisos, en el r\u00e9gimen, que en Atenas es una democracia. Segundo, actuar injustamente significa infligir un mal a seres <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">humanos;<\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\"> pero las Leyes no son seres humanos.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/sobre-apologia-y-criton-struthio-038\/\">Perge ad sequ\u0113ns caput<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/sobre-apologia-y-criton-struthio-036\/\">Redde ad prius caput<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/sobre-apologia-y-criton-struthio-037\/\">Perge ad initium paginae huius<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/sobre-la-apologia-y-el-criton-struthio\/#indice-de-contenidos\">Perge ad indicem<\/a><\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Le\u014dnard\u012b Str\u016bthi\u014dnis verba 37<\/span><\/h1>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: 12pt;\">The Laws themselves seem to feel that the satisfactory character of the Athenian laws concerning marriage and elementary education or the obligations deriving from one\u2019s debt to them on account of these particular laws do not suffice to justify their demand for complete submission. Therefore they \u2018might perhaps\u201d make the following two additions. Firstly, they have given to Socrates, just as to all other citizens, a share in all the noble things at their disposal: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Meletus\">Meletos<\/a> may be right in saying that the Laws make human beings better (<i>Apology of Socrates<\/i> <a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/apologia-plato-011\/\">24d10-11<\/a>); they surely are as little able as the many to make a man sensible (cf. <a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/crito-plato-004\/\">44d6-10<\/a>). Secondly, they permit every Athenian who is of age, if the Laws and the city displease him, to go to an Athenian colony or wherever he wishes, taking his property with him; no law prevents him from doing it, although something else might. But whoever stays in Athens, seeing how the Laws decide cases before the courts and administer the city in other respects, has agreed by deed to do what the Laws command, unless he persuades them, if they make a mistake, of what is intrinsically, naturally just; for the Laws are civilized and do not command in a savage, tyrannical manner but are willing to listen and to be persuaded. This agreement with the Laws takes the place formerly occupied by education through the Laws (cf. <a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/crito-plato-018\/\">51e4-7<\/a> with <a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/crito-plato-017\/\">50e2<\/a>). <\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: 12pt;\">Unqualified obedience to the Laws has then two heterogeneous grounds: the fact that they have generated and reared the citizen and the fact that he has made an agreement with them; the former makes him the slave of the Laws, the other is the act of a free man; unqualified obedience to the Laws has its root in the co-operation of compulsion and consent. And the Laws take full responsibility for everything done by their authority: for the administration of justice and for the political administration in general; the Laws are the city, the citizen body, the Athenians; the distinction previously suggested between the Laws and the citizen body is here silently dropped. There is a twofold reason for this. Firstly, the Laws act only through being known to human beings (<i>Apology of Socrates<\/i> <a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/apologia-plato-011\/\">24d<\/a>11ff.), they act only through human beings and, above all, they originate in human beings or, more precisely, in the regime which in Athens is a democracy. Secondly, acting unjustly means inflicting evil on human beings; but the Laws are not human beings.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/sobre-apologia-y-criton-struthio-038\/\">Perge ad sequ\u0113ns caput<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/sobre-apologia-y-criton-struthio-036\/\">Redde ad prius caput<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/sobre-apologia-y-criton-struthio-037\/\">Perge ad initium paginae huius<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/sobre-la-apologia-y-el-criton-struthio\/#indice-de-contenidos\">Perge ad indicem<\/a><\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">I\u016bra<\/span><\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">El texto en lengua inglesa fue publicado de manera p\u00f3stuma en un volumen en honor al prof. Jacob Klein: <em>Essais in Honor of Jacob Klein<\/em> (Annapol\u012b, \u0113 Typographe\u014d Acad\u0113m\u012bae S\u0101nct\u012b I\u014dhannis MCMLXXVI). Aunque nosotros tomamos como base lo aparecido en una antolog\u00eda dedicada a escritos del prof. Str\u016bthi\u014d en ingl\u00e9s en 1983: <em>Studies in Platonic Political Philosophy<\/em> (Sicag\u012b, \u0113 Typographe\u014d \u016aniversit\u0101tis Sicag\u012b MCMLXXXIII). La versi\u00f3n castellana es obra de Aemilia Aquad\u012bs, aparecida en la traducci\u00f3n del volumen mencionado anteriormente (Bon\u0101eropol\u012b, \u0113 Typographe\u014d Am\u014drrort\u012b MMVIII). La publicaci\u00f3n de estos fragmentos promueve la difusi\u00f3n en castellano de la obra del profesor Le\u014dnardus Str\u016bthi\u014d con fines acad\u00e9micos y de formaci\u00f3n. Conminamos a visitar su biblioteca m\u00e1s cercana o adquirir el volumen f\u00edsico en su librer\u00eda de confianza.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-13330 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/creative-commons-symbols-300x111.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"146\" height=\"54\" srcset=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/creative-commons-symbols-300x111.jpg 300w, https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/creative-commons-symbols.jpg 477w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 146px) 100vw, 146px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/sobre-apologia-y-criton-struthio-038\/\">Perge ad sequ\u0113ns caput<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/sobre-apologia-y-criton-struthio-036\/\">Redde ad prius caput<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/sobre-apologia-y-criton-struthio-037\/\">Perge ad initium paginae huius<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/sobre-la-apologia-y-el-criton-struthio\/#indice-de-contenidos\">Perge ad indicem<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #808000;\">\u0112RVD\u012aTI\u014cRIBVS <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/ervditioribvs\/\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">***<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"wiki_cats":[],"wiki_tags":[],"class_list":["post-14764","yada_wiki","type-yada_wiki","status-publish","hentry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/yada_wiki\/14764","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/yada_wiki"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/yada_wiki"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14764"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/yada_wiki\/14764\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14815,"href":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/yada_wiki\/14764\/revisions\/14815"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14764"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"wiki_cats","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wiki_cats?post=14764"},{"taxonomy":"wiki_tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wiki_tags?post=14764"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}