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{"id":14289,"date":"2025-10-18T16:13:14","date_gmt":"2025-10-18T16:13:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/?post_type=yada_wiki&#038;p=14289"},"modified":"2025-10-20T17:36:22","modified_gmt":"2025-10-20T17:36:22","slug":"sobre-apologia-y-criton-struthio-008","status":"publish","type":"yada_wiki","link":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/sobre-apologia-y-criton-struthio-008\/","title":{"rendered":"Sobre Apolog\u00eda y Crit\u00f3n Str\u016bthi\u014d 008"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Parte de:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">\u00abSobre la Apolog\u00eda de S\u00f3crates y el Crit\u00f3n de Plat\u00f3n\u00bb \/ I<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-13923 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Leo_Strauss_USA_1939-239x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"85\" height=\"106\" srcset=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Leo_Strauss_USA_1939-239x300.jpg 239w, https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Leo_Strauss_USA_1939-300x376.jpg 300w, https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Leo_Strauss_USA_1939.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 85px) 100vw, 85px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Le\u014dnardus Str\u016bthi\u014d (1899-1973)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #808000;\">\u0112RVD\u012aTI\u014cRIBVS <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/ervditioribvs\/\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">***<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n<h1 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Versi\u014d hisp\u0101nica Aemili\u0101 Aquad\u012bt\u012b auctr\u012bce 8<\/span><\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: 12pt;\">Como suced\u00eda en el caso de la refutaci\u00f3n de los primeros acusadores, tras la refutaci\u00f3n de <a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Meleto\">Meleto<\/a> se presenta la posible r\u00e9plica de \u00abalguien\u00bb, a quien S\u00f3crates da una extensa respuesta. Si se las juzga seg\u00fan su forma, las r\u00e9plicas (y las contestaciones) son digresiones: la defensa propiamente dicha consiste en las refutaciones de Meleto y de los primeros acusadores, a las que es preciso dar, por lo tanto, su debido peso. En la primera digresi\u00f3n, S\u00f3crates habla de su misi\u00f3n inspirada por <a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Or%C3%A1culo_de_Delfos#Las_divinidades\">Apolo<\/a> y, de ese modo, proporciona incidentalmente la \u00fanica prueba de su creencia en los dioses de la ciudad. La segunda digresi\u00f3n contin\u00faa, profundiza y modifica la primera. Es una r\u00e9plica a la posible pregunta sobre si S\u00f3crates no se averg\u00fcenza de haberse embarcado en una b\u00fasqueda a causa de la cual est\u00e1 ahora en peligro de muerte. S\u00f3crates trata con desd\u00e9n la pregunta y a quien pueda formularla: lo \u00fanico que se debe tomar en consideraci\u00f3n es si los propios actos son justos o injustos y si son los de un buen hombre o un mal hombre. Alude entonces al ejemplo de <a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aquiles\">Aquiles<\/a>, el hijo de una diosa, que decidi\u00f3 sin vacilaci\u00f3n alguna \u2014y sin mediar orden de esa diosa\u2014 vengar la injusta muerte de su camarada <a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Patroclo\">Patroclo<\/a> a manos de <a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/H%C3%A9ctor\">H\u00e9ctor<\/a> y morir a continuaci\u00f3n, antes que vivir en la deshonra. No menciona a Aquiles por su nombre ni habla de valor (\u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03b1; <em>andreia<\/em>), y tampoco parece advertir la ligera incongruencia de comparar su muerte a edad avanzada con la de Aquiles en plena juventud. El principio que se aplica por igual a Aquiles y a S\u00f3crates a es este: \u00abSea cual fuere el puesto donde uno se sit\u00fae, por creer que es el mejor o porque all\u00ed lo pone un comandante, debe permanecer en \u00e9l, me parece, y correr riesgos, sin tomar en cuenta en modo alguno la muerte ni ninguna otra cosa, siempre preferibles a la deshonra\u00bb. S\u00f3crates permaneci\u00f3 en su puesto e hizo frente a la muerte como cualquiera dondequiera que los comandantes militares atenienses lo apostaran; sobre todo, permaneci\u00f3 en el puesto donde el dios lo coloc\u00f3. Ni hombre ni dios alguno ordenaron la acci\u00f3n de Aquiles: \u00bfla comparaci\u00f3n con este no sugiere que el modo de vida de S\u00f3crates no le fue impuesto por ninguna orden, sino que se origin\u00f3 por entero en su idea de que era lo mejor? (Cuando habla de permanecer en su puesto dondequiera que sus comandantes militares lo ubicaran, menciona las batallas de <a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Batalla_de_Potidea\">Potidea<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Batalla_de_Anf%C3%ADpolis\">Anf\u00edpolis<\/a> y <a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Batalla_de_Delio\">Delio<\/a>. La primera y la \u00faltima fueron derrotas atenienses; en Anf\u00edpolis, los atenienses primero obtuvieron una victoria y luego resultaron derrotados; Tuc\u00eddides, V, 3.4 y 10.10. En el caso de las derrotas, el valor consist\u00eda m\u00e1s en la retirada o la huida honorable que en permanecer o mantenerse. Cf. <a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/apologia-plato-016\/\">28d8<\/a> y <a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/apologia-plato-017\/\">e3<\/a>, con <em>Laques<\/em>, 181b2 y 190e5-191a5, y Jenofonte, <em>Econ\u00f3mico<\/em>, 11.8).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/sobre-apologia-y-criton-struthio-009\/\">Perge ad sequ\u0113ns caput<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/sobre-apologia-y-criton-struthio-007\/\">Redde ad prius caput<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/sobre-apologia-y-criton-struthio-008\/\">Perge ad initium paginae huius<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/sobre-la-apologia-y-el-criton-struthio\/#indice-de-contenidos\">Perge ad indicem<\/a><\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Le\u014dnard\u012b Str\u016bthi\u014dnis verba 8<\/span><\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">The refutation of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Meletus\">Meletos<\/a> is followed, just as the refutation of the first accusers was, by \u201csomeone\u201d possibly making a retort and Socrates extensively replying to it. The replies <\/span><span lang=\"en-GB\">(<\/span><span lang=\"en-GB\">and the retorts<\/span><span lang=\"en-GB\">)<\/span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> are, judged according to their form, digressions: the defence proper consists of the refutations of Meletos and the first accusers which must therefore be given their due weight. In the first digression, Socrates spoke of his <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pythia#Temple_of_Apollo\">Apollon<\/a>-inspired mission, thus incidently supplying the sole proof of his believing in the gods of the city. The second digression continues, deepens, modifies the first. It replies to the possible question of whether Socrates is not ashamed of having engaged in a pursuit through which he is now in danger of dying. Socrates treats with contempt the question and the one who might raise it: what one has to consider is exclusively whether one\u2019s deeds are just or unjust and those of a good man or a bad. He refers to the example of <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Achilles\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">Achilleus<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"en-GB\">, the son of a goddess, who without hesitation chose<\/span><strong><span lang=\"en-GB\">\u2014<\/span><\/strong><span lang=\"en-GB\">not commanded by that goddess<\/span><strong><span lang=\"en-GB\">\u2014<\/span><\/strong><span lang=\"en-GB\">to avenge the unjust killing of his comrade <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Patroclus\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">Patroklos<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"en-GB\"> by <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hector\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">Hektor<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"en-GB\"> and to die soon afterwards rather than to live in disgrace. He does not mention Achilleus by name; nor does he speak of courage (<\/span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><i>andreia<\/i><\/span><span lang=\"en-GB\">; \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03b1<\/span><span lang=\"en-GB\">), nor does he seem to notice the slight incongruity of comparing his dying in ripe old age with Achilleus\u2019dying young. The principle applying equally to Achilleus and to Socrates is this: \u201cWherever someone stations himself believing that it is best or is stationed by a commander, there he must, as it seems to me, remain and run risks, in no way taking into account either death or anything else before disgrace.\u201d Socrates remained at his post and braved death like everybody else wherever the Athenian military commanders <\/span><span lang=\"en-GB\">st<\/span><span lang=\"en-GB\">ationed him; above all, he remained at the post where the god stationed him. Achilleus\u2019 action was not commanded to him by any man or god: does the comparison with Achilleus not suggest that Socrates\u2019 way of life was not imposed on him by any command but originated entirely in his thinking that it is best? <\/span><span lang=\"en-GB\">(<\/span><span lang=\"en-GB\">When speaking of his remaining at his post wherever his military commanders stationed him, he mentions the battles of <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Potidaea\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">Potidaia<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"en-GB\">, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Amphipolis\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">Amphipolis<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"en-GB\"> and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Delium\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">Delion<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"en-GB\">. The battles mentioned first and last were Athenian defeats; at Amphipolis the Athenians first won a victory and then were defeated<\/span><strong><span lang=\"en-GB\">\u2014<\/span><\/strong><span lang=\"en-GB\">Thucydides V 3.4 <\/span><span lang=\"en-GB\">and 10.10. In the case of the defeats<\/span><span lang=\"en-GB\">, courage consisted less in remaining or staying than in honourably withdrawing or fleeing. Cf. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/apologia-plato-016\/\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">28d8<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"en-GB\"> and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/apologia-plato-017\/\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">e3<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"en-GB\"> with <\/span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><i>Laches<\/i><\/span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> 181b2, 190e5-191a5 and Xenophon, <\/span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><i>Oeconomicus<\/i><\/span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> 11.8.)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/sobre-apologia-y-criton-struthio-009\/\">Perge ad sequ\u0113ns caput<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/sobre-apologia-y-criton-struthio-007\/\">Redde ad prius caput<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/sobre-apologia-y-criton-struthio-008\/\">Perge ad initium paginae huius<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/sobre-la-apologia-y-el-criton-struthio\/#indice-de-contenidos\">Perge ad indicem<\/a><\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">I\u016bra<\/span><\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">El texto en lengua inglesa fue publicado de manera p\u00f3stuma en un volumen en honor al prof. Jacob Klein: <em>Essais in Honor of Jacob Klein<\/em> (Annapol\u012b, \u0113 Typographe\u014d Acad\u0113m\u012bae S\u0101nct\u012b I\u014dhannis MCMLXXVI). Aunque nosotros tomamos como base lo aparecido en una antolog\u00eda dedicada a escritos del prof. Str\u016bthi\u014d en ingl\u00e9s en 1983: <em>Studies in Platonic Political Philosophy<\/em> (Sicag\u012b, \u0113 Typographe\u014d \u016aniversit\u0101tis Sicag\u012b MCMLXXXIII). La versi\u00f3n castellana es obra de Aemilia Aquad\u012bs, aparecida en la traducci\u00f3n del volumen mencionado anteriormente (Bon\u0101eropol\u012b, \u0113 Typographe\u014d Am\u014drrort\u012b MMVIII). La publicaci\u00f3n de estos fragmentos promueve la difusi\u00f3n en castellano de la obra del profesor Le\u014dnardus Str\u016bthi\u014d con fines acad\u00e9micos y de formaci\u00f3n. Conminamos a visitar su biblioteca m\u00e1s cercana o adquirir el volumen f\u00edsico en su librer\u00eda de confianza.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-13330 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/creative-commons-symbols-300x111.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"146\" height=\"54\" srcset=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/creative-commons-symbols-300x111.jpg 300w, https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/creative-commons-symbols.jpg 477w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 146px) 100vw, 146px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/sobre-apologia-y-criton-struthio-009\/\">Perge ad sequ\u0113ns caput<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/sobre-apologia-y-criton-struthio-007\/\">Redde ad prius caput<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/sobre-apologia-y-criton-struthio-008\/\">Perge ad initium paginae huius<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/sobre-la-apologia-y-el-criton-struthio\/#indice-de-contenidos\">Perge ad indicem<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #808000;\">\u0112RVD\u012aTI\u014cRIBVS <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/ervditioribvs\/\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">***<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"wiki_cats":[],"wiki_tags":[],"class_list":["post-14289","yada_wiki","type-yada_wiki","status-publish","hentry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/yada_wiki\/14289","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/yada_wiki"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/yada_wiki"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14289"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/yada_wiki\/14289\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14332,"href":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/yada_wiki\/14289\/revisions\/14332"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14289"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"wiki_cats","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wiki_cats?post=14289"},{"taxonomy":"wiki_tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wiki_tags?post=14289"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}