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{"id":13926,"date":"2025-10-06T23:19:37","date_gmt":"2025-10-06T23:19:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/?post_type=yada_wiki&#038;p=13926"},"modified":"2025-10-08T00:15:40","modified_gmt":"2025-10-08T00:15:40","slug":"sobre-apologia-y-criton-struthio-002","status":"publish","type":"yada_wiki","link":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/sobre-apologia-y-criton-struthio-002\/","title":{"rendered":"Sobre Apolog\u00eda y Crit\u00f3n Str\u016bthi\u014d 002"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: 12pt;\">Parte de:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: 12pt;\">\u00abSobre la Apolog\u00eda de S\u00f3crates y el Crit\u00f3n de Plat\u00f3n\u00bb \/ I<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-13923 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Leo_Strauss_USA_1939-239x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"89\" height=\"111\" srcset=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Leo_Strauss_USA_1939-239x300.jpg 239w, https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Leo_Strauss_USA_1939-300x376.jpg 300w, https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Leo_Strauss_USA_1939.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 89px) 100vw, 89px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: 12pt;\">Le\u014dnardus Str\u016bthi\u014d (1899-1973)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #808000;\">\u0112RVD\u012aTI\u014cRIBVS <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/ervditioribvs\/\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">***<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Versi\u014d hisp\u0101nica Aemili\u0101 Aquad\u012bt\u012b auctr\u012bce 2<\/span><\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: 12pt;\">S\u00f3crates caracteriza el estilo de su discurso como carente de artificio: \u00e9l, que dice toda la verdad y nada m\u00e1s que la verdad; \u00e9l, que no tiene nada que ocultar, no necesita de arte alguna; su discurso ser\u00e1 por completo transparente. Sus acusadores, que han hablado en forma muy convincente, lo han hecho de manera artificiosa (\u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2). Nos preguntamos si la virtud del orador no consiste tambi\u00e9n en hablar en forma persuasiva. \u00bfNo debe decir la verdad de una manera ordenada y l\u00facida? \u00bfNo debe disponer su argumentaci\u00f3n en forma adecuada y elegir sus palabras con cierto cuidado? En s\u00edntesis, \u00bfno debe hablar con arte? Sus acusadores hab\u00edan calificado a S\u00f3crates de inteligente orador, y en general se lo consideraba muy diestro, capaz de convertir en muy fuerte el discurso m\u00e1s d\u00e9bil (<a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/apologia-plato-003\/\">18b8-c1<\/a>). En consecuencia, resultaba imperativo que afirmara, desde el comienzo mismo, que no hablar\u00eda de manera artificiosa. S\u00f3crates sugiere que su inexperiencia en la dicci\u00f3n forense le impide hablar en forma adecuada ante el tribunal: no puede hablar con arte. Pero tambi\u00e9n dice que no ser\u00eda propio de un hombre de su edad presentarse ante el tribunal como un joven con discursos inventados, es decir, con mentiras; no dice que no podr\u00eda hacerlo aunque quisiera: puede hablar con arte.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: 12pt;\">S\u00f3crates muestra cu\u00e1n persuasivos y astutos son sus acusadores al bosquejar el fondo de la acusaci\u00f3n. Con este prop\u00f3sito, hace una distinci\u00f3n entre las primeras acusaciones falsas y los primeros acusadores, por una parte, y las \u00faltimas acusaciones y los \u00faltimos acusadores, por la otra. Los primeros acusadores son m\u00e1s peligrosos que los \u00faltimos, esto es, los que lo denunciaron formalmente, porque aquellos convencieron a la mayor\u00eda de los jurados o de los atenienses mientras todos o gran parte de estos eran todav\u00eda ni\u00f1os, porque son muchos y porque lo han acusado durante largo tiempo. (Los antiguos acusadores eran, en muchos casos, los padres de los jurados.) Han acusado falsamente a S\u00f3crates de ser un hombre sabio, un pensador de las cosas de lo alto, alguien que ha investigado todo lo que est\u00e1 bajo la tierra y que convierte el discurso m\u00e1s d\u00e9bil en el m\u00e1s fuerte. Aunque esta acusaci\u00f3n es falsa, no es extrema; los primeros acusadores no acusaron a S\u00f3crates de haber investigado todas las cosas de lo alto. Tampoco dijeron que no respetaba a los dioses o no cre\u00eda en ellos: su ate\u00edsmo ha sido una inferencia de los oyentes (en muchos casos, ni\u00f1os) que cre\u00edan que quienes hacen las cosas mencionadas por los acusadores no creen, adem\u00e1s, en los dioses. Si uno que otro poeta c\u00f3mico formulaba las susodichas acusaciones, no lo hac\u00eda con malicia ni cre\u00eda en ellas. En cuanto a los otros, los primeros acusadores propiamente dichos, no pueden ser identificados ni, en consecuencia, sometidos a un contrainterrogatorio: S\u00f3crates apenas puede hacer otra cosa que negar lisa y llanamente sus acusaciones. Por otra parte, los primeros acusadores no pueden sostener sus cargos contra las negativas de S\u00f3crates.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/sobre-apologia-y-criton-struthio-003\/\">Perge ad sequ\u0113ns caput<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/sobre-apologia-y-criton-struthio-001\/\">Redde ad prius caput<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/sobre-apologia-y-criton-struthio-002\/\">Perge ad initium paginae huius<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/sobre-la-apologia-y-el-criton-struthio\/#indice-de-contenidos\">Perge ad indicem<\/a><\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Le\u014dnard\u012b Str\u016bthi\u014dnis verba 2<\/span><\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: 12pt;\">Socrates characterizes the manner of his speaking as artless: he who says the whole truth and nothing but the truth, he who has nothing to conceal, does not need any art; Socrates\u2019 speech will be altogether transparent. His accusers who had spoken most persuasively, had spoken artfully (\u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2). One wonders whether the virtue of the speaker does not also consist in speaking persuasively. Must he not say the truth in an orderly and lucid fashion? Must he not arrange his argument properly and choose his words with some care? In brief, must he not speak artfully? Socrates\u2019 accusers had said that he is a clever speaker, and it was generally believed that he was a most artful speaker\u2014that he could render the weaker speech the stronger (<a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/apologia-plato-003\/\">18b8-c1<\/a>). It was therefore imperative that he should state right at the beginning that he will not speak artfully. He suggests that his inexperience in forensic diction prevents him from speaking properly before the court: he cannot speak artfully. But he also says that it would not be becoming for a man of his age to come before the court like a youth with fabricated speeches, i.e., with lies; he does not say that he could not do this if he wished to: he can speak artfully.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: 12pt;\">Socrates shows how persuasive and artful his accusers are by sketching the background of the accusation. For this purpose he makes a distinction between the first untrue charges and the first accusers on the one hand, and the later charges and the later accusers on the other. The first accusers are more dangerous than the later ones, i.e., than those who have formally indicted him, because they have persuaded the majority of the jurymen or of the Athenians while all or many of them were still children, because they are many, and because they have accused him for a long time. (The old accusers were in many cases the fathers of the jurymen.) They have accused Socrates untruthfully of being a wise man, a thinker on the things aloft, one who has investigated all things beneath the earth, and one who renders the weaker speech the stronger. Although this charge is untrue, it is not extreme; the first accusers did not accuse Socrates of having investigated all things aloft. Nor did they say that he does not respect, or believe in, gods; that he does not believe in gods was inferred by the listeners (in many cases children) who believed that those who do the things mentioned by the accusers also do not believe in gods. If one or the other comic poet raised the charges mentioned, he did not do it maliciously, and did not believe in them. As for the others, the first accusers proper, they cannot be identified and therefore crossexamined: Socrates can do hardly more than flatly deny their charges. On the other hand, the first accusers cannot defend their charges against Socrates\u2019 denials.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/sobre-apologia-y-criton-struthio-003\/\">Perge ad sequ\u0113ns caput<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/sobre-apologia-y-criton-struthio-001\/\">Redde ad prius caput<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/sobre-apologia-y-criton-struthio-002\/\">Perge ad initium paginae huius<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/sobre-la-apologia-y-el-criton-struthio\/#indice-de-contenidos\">Perge ad indicem<\/a><\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">I\u016bra<\/span><\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">El texto en lengua inglesa fue publicado de manera p\u00f3stuma en un volumen en honor al prof. Jacob Klein: <em>Essais in Honor of Jacob Klein<\/em> (Annapol\u012b, \u0113 Typographe\u014d Acad\u0113m\u012bae S\u0101nct\u012b I\u014dhannis MCMLXXVI). Aunque nosotros tomamos como base lo aparecido en una antolog\u00eda dedicada a escritos del prof. Str\u016bthi\u014d en ingl\u00e9s en 1983: <em>Studies in Platonic Political Philosophy<\/em> (Sicag\u012b, \u0113 Typographe\u014d \u016aniversit\u0101tis Sicag\u012b MCMLXXXIII). La versi\u00f3n castellana es obra de Aemilia Aquad\u012bs, aparecida en la traducci\u00f3n del volumen mencionado anteriormente (Bon\u0101eropol\u012b, \u0113 Typographe\u014d Am\u014drrort\u012b MMVIII). La publicaci\u00f3n de estos fragmentos promueve la difusi\u00f3n en castellano de la obra del profesor Le\u014dnardus Str\u016bthi\u014d con fines acad\u00e9micos y de formaci\u00f3n. Conminamos a visitar su biblioteca m\u00e1s cercana o adquirir el volumen f\u00edsico en su librer\u00eda de confianza.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-13330 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/creative-commons-symbols-300x111.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"146\" height=\"54\" srcset=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/creative-commons-symbols-300x111.jpg 300w, https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/creative-commons-symbols.jpg 477w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 146px) 100vw, 146px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/sobre-apologia-y-criton-struthio-003\/\">Perge ad sequ\u0113ns caput<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/sobre-apologia-y-criton-struthio-001\/\">Redde ad prius caput<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/sobre-apologia-y-criton-struthio-002\/\">Perge ad initium paginae huius<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/sobre-la-apologia-y-el-criton-struthio\/#indice-de-contenidos\">Perge ad indicem<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #808000;\">\u0112RVD\u012aTI\u014cRIBVS <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/ervditioribvs\/\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #808000;\">***<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"wiki_cats":[],"wiki_tags":[],"class_list":["post-13926","yada_wiki","type-yada_wiki","status-publish","hentry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/yada_wiki\/13926","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/yada_wiki"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/yada_wiki"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13926"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/yada_wiki\/13926\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13982,"href":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/yada_wiki\/13926\/revisions\/13982"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13926"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"wiki_cats","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wiki_cats?post=13926"},{"taxonomy":"wiki_tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wiki_tags?post=13926"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}