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{"id":11079,"date":"2025-01-18T00:28:55","date_gmt":"2025-01-18T00:28:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/?post_type=yada_wiki&#038;p=11079"},"modified":"2025-07-14T20:41:55","modified_gmt":"2025-07-14T20:41:55","slug":"what-is-political-philosophy-iii-018","status":"publish","type":"yada_wiki","link":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/what-is-political-philosophy-iii-018\/","title":{"rendered":"What is Political Philosophy? III 018"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Parte de:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">\u00bfQu\u00e9 es la Filosof\u00eda Pol\u00edtica? \/ III. Las soluciones Modernas<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Por Le\u014dnardus Str\u016bthi\u014d<\/span><\/p>\n\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><span lang=\"la-VA\">Le<\/span><span lang=\"la-VA\">\u014d<\/span><span lang=\"la-VA\">nard<\/span><span lang=\"la-VA\">\u012b<\/span><span lang=\"la-VA\"> Str\u016bt<\/span><span lang=\"la-VA\">h<\/span><span lang=\"la-VA\">i<\/span><span lang=\"la-VA\">\u012b<\/span><span lang=\"la-VA\"> verba<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">Rousseau returned from the modern state as it had developed by his time to the classical city. But he interpreted the classical city in the light of Hobbes\u2019<\/span><span lang=\"en-GB\">s <\/span><span lang=\"en-GB\">scheme. For according to Rousseau too, the root of civil society is the right of self-preservation. But deviating from Hobbes and from Locke, he declares that this fundamental right points to a social order which is closely akin to the classical <\/span><span lang=\"en-GB\">city.<\/span> <span lang=\"en-GB\">The reason for this deviation from Hobbes and Locke is iden<\/span><span lang=\"en-GB\">tical with the primary motivation of modern political philosophy in general. In <\/span><span lang=\"en-GB\">Hobbes\u2019s<\/span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> and Lock<\/span><span lang=\"en-GB\">e\u2019s<\/span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> schemes, the fundamental right of man had retained its original status even within civil society: natural law remained the standard for positive law; there remained the possibility of appealing from positive law to natural law.<\/span> <span lang=\"en-GB\">This appeal was of course, generally speaking, ineffective; it certainly did not carry with itself the guarantee of its being effective. Rousseau drew from this the conclusion that civil society must be so constructed as to make the appeal from positive law to natural law utterly superfluous; a civil society properly constructed in accordance with natural law will automatically produce just positive law.<\/span> <span lang=\"en-GB\">Rousseau expresses this thought as follows: the general will, the will of a society, in which everyone subject to the law must have had a say in the making of the law, cannot err. <\/span><span lang=\"en-GB\">T<\/span><span lang=\"en-GB\">he general will, the will immanent in societies of a certain kind, replaces the transcendent natural right. One cannot emphasize too strongly that Rousseau would have abhorred the totalitarianism of our day. <\/span><span lang=\"en-GB\">He f<\/span><span lang=\"en-GB\">avored, indeed, the totalitarianism of a free society, but he rejected in the clearest possible language any possible totalitarianism of government.<\/span> <span lang=\"en-GB\">The difficulty into which Rousseau leads us lies deeper. If the ultimate criterion of justice becomes the general will, <\/span><span lang=\"en-GB\">i.e.<\/span><span lang=\"en-GB\">, the will of a free society, cannibalism is as just as its opposite. Every institution hallowed by a folk-mind has to be regarded as sacred.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/what-is-political-philosophy-iii-019\/#leonardi-struthii-verba\">Next paragraph<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/what-is-political-philosophy-iii-017\/#leonardi-struthii-verba\">Previous paragraph<\/a><\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><span lang=\"en-GB\">Hisp<\/span><span lang=\"en-GB\">\u0101<\/span><span lang=\"en-GB\">nice<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><span lang=\"es-ES\">Rousseau volvi\u00f3 a la ciudad cl\u00e1sica partiendo del Estado moderno tal como se hab\u00eda desarrollado en su tiempo. Sin embargo, interpret\u00f3 <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">la ciudad cl\u00e1sica <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">\u2014<\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">la ciudad <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">de la \u00e9poca cl\u00e1sica<\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">\u2014 <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">a la luz del esquema de Hobbes. Esto <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">se debe<\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\"> a que Rousseau tambi\u00e9n <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">considera como la<\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\"> ra\u00edz de la sociedad civil el derecho de autoconservaci\u00f3n. Pero, apart\u00e1ndose de Hobbes y de Locke, afirma que este derecho fundamental apunta <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">a un orden social que es muy similar al de la ciudad cl\u00e1sica. <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">La raz\u00f3n de esta desviaci\u00f3n de Hobbes y Locke es id\u00e9ntica a la motivaci\u00f3n principal de la toda filosof\u00eda pol\u00edtica moderna. <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">En los esquemas de Hobbes y de Locke <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">el <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">fundamental derecho del hombre habr\u00eda mantenido su estatus original incluso dentro de la sociedad civil: el derecho natural se mantuvo como el est\u00e1ndar del derecho positivo; es decir, se conserv\u00f3 la posibilidad de apelar al derecho natural en contra del derecho positivo.<\/span> <span lang=\"es-ES\">Esta apelaci\u00f3n, por supuesto, era ineficaz en t\u00e9rmino generales; ciertamente no comportaba ninguna garant\u00eda de su efectividad. <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">De aqu\u00ed Rousseau sac\u00f3 la conclusi\u00f3n que la sociedad civil debe ser construida de tal modo que la apelaci\u00f3n al derecho natural desde el derecho positivo resulte absolutamente superflua; pues, una sociedad civil adecuadamente construida de acuerdo con el derecho natural producir\u00e1, autom\u00e1ticamente, un derecho positivo justo.<\/span> <span lang=\"es-ES\">Rousseau expone este pensamiento de la siguiente manera: la voluntad general, la voluntad de una sociedad, <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">en la <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">cada uno de los individuos<\/span> <span lang=\"es-ES\">sometidos a<\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\"> la ley deben haber tenido voz y voto en la elaboraci\u00f3n de la ley, no puede errar. <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">La voluntad general, la voluntad inmanente en sociedades de cierta clase, sustituye al derecho natural trascendente. <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">No podemos enfatizar lo suficiente que Rousseau habr\u00eda aborrecido el totalitarismo de nuestros d\u00edas.<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"1\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000007770000000000000000_11079\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000007770000000000000000_11079-1\">1<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000007770000000000000000_11079-1\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"1\">Recordamos al lector que estas Conferencias fueron pronunciadas entre 1954 y 1955.<\/span> <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">Con todo,<\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\"> ciertamente <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">favoreci\u00f3 el totalitarismo de una sociedad libre, pero rechaz\u00f3 con el lenguaje m\u00e1s claro posible cualquier forma de totalitarismo del gobierno.<\/span> <span lang=\"es-ES\">La dificultad a la que Rousseau nos conduce es mucho m\u00e1s profunda. Si el criterio \u00faltimo de la justicia es ahora la voluntad general, esto es, la voluntad de una sociedad libre, entonces el canibalismo es tan justo como su opuesto. Toda instituci\u00f3n venerada por una mente popular tiene que ser considerada sagrada.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/what-is-political-philosophy-iii-019\/#hispanice\">Siguiente p\u00e1rrafo<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/what-is-political-philosophy-iii-017\/#hispanice\">P\u00e1rrafo anterior<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/what-is-political-philosophy-iii-018\/\">Ir al inicio de esta entrada<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/que-es-la-filosofia-politica-leonardus-struthio\/\">Ir al Sumario y Presentaci\u00f3n<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; color: #993300;\">ARC\u0100NA IMPERI\u012a<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/arcana-imperii\/\">***<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"wiki_cats":[30],"wiki_tags":[],"class_list":["post-11079","yada_wiki","type-yada_wiki","status-publish","hentry","wiki_cats-political-philosophy-iii"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/yada_wiki\/11079","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/yada_wiki"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/yada_wiki"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11079"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/yada_wiki\/11079\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12979,"href":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/yada_wiki\/11079\/revisions\/12979"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11079"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"wiki_cats","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wiki_cats?post=11079"},{"taxonomy":"wiki_tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wiki_tags?post=11079"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}