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{"id":10785,"date":"2024-11-20T23:23:22","date_gmt":"2024-11-20T23:23:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/?post_type=yada_wiki&#038;p=10785"},"modified":"2025-07-14T20:55:57","modified_gmt":"2025-07-14T20:55:57","slug":"what-is-political-philosophy-iii-005","status":"publish","type":"yada_wiki","link":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/what-is-political-philosophy-iii-005\/","title":{"rendered":"What is Political Philosophy? III 005"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Parte de:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">\u00bfQu\u00e9 es la Filosof\u00eda Pol\u00edtica? \/ III. Las soluciones Modernas<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Por Le\u014dnardus Str\u016bthi\u014d<\/span><\/p>\n\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><span lang=\"la-VA\">Le<\/span><span lang=\"la-VA\">\u014d<\/span><span lang=\"la-VA\">nard<\/span><span lang=\"la-VA\">\u012b<\/span><span lang=\"la-VA\"> Str\u016bt<\/span><span lang=\"la-VA\">h<\/span><span lang=\"la-VA\">i<\/span><span lang=\"la-VA\">\u012b<\/span><span lang=\"la-VA\"> verba<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">The traditional approach was based on the assumption that morality is something substantial: that it is a force in the soul of man, however ineffective it may be especially in the affairs of states and kingdoms.<\/span> <span lang=\"en-GB\">Against this assumption Machiavelli argues as follows: virtue can be <\/span><span lang=\"en-GB\">practiced <\/span><span lang=\"en-GB\">only within society; man must be habituated to virtu<\/span><span lang=\"en-GB\">e<\/span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> by laws, customs and so forth. Men must be educated to virtue by human beings. But to quote that Machiavellian, Karl Marx, the educators themselves must be educated.<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"1\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000007770000000000000000_10785\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000007770000000000000000_10785-1\">1<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000007770000000000000000_10785-1\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"1\">Cf. <em>Thesen \u00fcber Feuerbach<\/em> (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Theses_on_Feuerbach\">\u201cTheses on Feuerbach\u201d<\/a>). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/marx\/works\/1845\/theses\/\"><em>Toge, lege<\/em><\/a>.<\/span><\/span> <span lang=\"en-GB\">The original educators, the founders of society, cannot have been educated to virtue: the founder of Rome was a fratricide. Morality is possible only within a context which cannot be created by <\/span><span lang=\"en-GB\">morality, for morality cannot create itself. The <\/span><span lang=\"en-GB\">context within, which morality is possible is created by immorality.<\/span> <span lang=\"en-GB\">Morality rests on immorality, justice rests on injustice, just as all legitimacy ultimately rests on revolutionary foundations. Man is not by nature directed toward virtue. If he were, pangs of conscience would be the greatest evil for him; but in fact we find that the pangs of disappointment are at least as strong as the pangs of guilt.<\/span> <span lang=\"en-GB\">In other words, one cannot define the good of society, the common good, in terms of virtue, but one must define virtue in terms of the common good. It is this understanding of virtue which in fact determines the life of societies. By the common good we must understand the objectives actually pursued by all societies.<\/span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> These objectives are: freedom from <\/span><span lang=\"en-GB\">foreign<\/span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> domination, stability or rule of law, prosperity, glory or empire. Virtue in the effectual sense of the word is the sum of habits which are required for or conducive to this end. It is this end, and this end alone, which makes our actions virtuous. Everything done effectively for the sake of this end is good. This end justifies every means. Virtue is nothing but civic virtue, patriotism or devotion to collective selfishness.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/what-is-political-philosophy-iii-006\/#leonardi-struthii-verba\">Next paragraph<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/what-is-political-philosophy-iii-004\/#leonardi-struthii-verba\">Previous paragraph<\/a><\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><span lang=\"en-GB\">Hisp<\/span><span lang=\"en-GB\">\u0101<\/span><span lang=\"en-GB\">nice<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><span lang=\"es-ES\">El enfoque tradicional estaba basado en el supuesto de que la moralidad es algo sustancial: que es una fuerza que reside en el alma humana, por muy ineficaz que sea, especialmente en los asuntos concernientes a los estados y reinos.<\/span> <span lang=\"es-ES\">En contra de este supuesto Maquiavelo argumenta lo siguiente: la virtud s\u00f3lo puede ser practicada dentro de la sociedad; el hombre tiene que ser habituado a la virtud a trav\u00e9s de las leyes, costumbres, <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">etc\u00e9tera. Los hombres deben ser instruidos en la virtud por otros seres humanos. Pero, y citando a un maquiav\u00e9lico <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">\u2014<\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">Karl Marx<\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">\u2014, <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">los propios educadores deben ser educados.<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"2\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000007770000000000000000_10785\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000007770000000000000000_10785-2\">2<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000007770000000000000000_10785-2\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"2\">Vide Thesen \u00fcber Feuerbach (<a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tesis_sobre_Feuerbach\">\u00abTesis sobre Feuerbach\u00bb<\/a>). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/espanol\/m-e\/1840s\/45-feuer.htm\"><em>Tolle, lege<\/em><\/a>.<\/span> L<\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">os primeros educadores, los fundadores de la sociedad, no pudieron haber sido educados en la virtud: el fundador de Roma fue un fratricida. La moralidad es posible tan solo dentro de un contexto que no puede haber sido creado por la moralidad, porque la moralidad no puede crearse a s\u00ed misma. El contexto dentro del cual la moralidad es posible es creado por la inmoralidad. <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">La moralidad se basa en la inmoralidad, la justicia descansa sobre la injusticia, de la misma manera que toda legitimidad descansa <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">\u2014<\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">en \u00faltima instancia<\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">\u2014<\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\"> en cimientos revolucionarios. <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">El hombre no tiende por naturaleza a la virtud. Si esto fuese as\u00ed, los remordimientos de conciencia ser\u00edan al mayor de sus males; pero en realidad <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">\u2014<\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">como todos podemos confirmar<\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">\u2014 <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">los golpes del desenga\u00f1o son, al menos, tan potentes como lo son los ataques de la culpa.<\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\"> En otras palabras, no podemos definir el bien de la sociedad, el bien com\u00fan, en t\u00e9rminos de virtud, sino que, por el contrario, tenemos que definir la virtud partiendo del bien com\u00fan. Es est<\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">a<\/span> <span lang=\"es-ES\">manera<\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\"> de <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">entender<\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\"> la virtud lo que, en definitiva, determina la vida de las sociedades. Por bien com\u00fan tenemos que entender los objetivos que todas las sociedades <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">realmente <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">persiguen. En otras palabras, no se puede definir el bien de la sociedad, el bien com\u00fan, en t\u00e9rminos de virtud, sino que hay que definir la virtud en t\u00e9rminos del bien com\u00fan. Es esta comprensi\u00f3n de la virtud la que, de hecho, determina la vida de las sociedades. Por el bien com\u00fan debemos entender los objetivos que realmente persiguen todas las sociedades.<\/span> <span lang=\"es-ES\">Estos objetivos son: libertad frente a toda dominaci\u00f3n extranjera, estabilidad o <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">imperio de<\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\"> la ley, prosperidad, glo<\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">r<\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">ia <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">e imperio<\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">. La virtud, en el sentido <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">eficaz<\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\"> de la palabra, es el conjunto de h\u00e1bitos que se requieren o que conducen al logro de este fin. Y este fin, y s\u00f3lo \u00e9l, es lo que hace que nuestras acciones sean virtuosas. Todo lo que se haga <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">eficazmente en aras de <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">este fin es bueno. Este fin justifica todos los medios. La virtud no es nada m\u00e1s que la virtud c\u00edvica, <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">el<\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\"> patriotismo o la <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">devoci\u00f3n al <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">\u00ab<\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">ego\u00edsmo colectivo<\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">\u00bb<\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/what-is-political-philosophy-iii-006\/#hispanice\">Siguiente p\u00e1rrafo<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/what-is-political-philosophy-iii-004\/#hispanice\">P\u00e1rrafo anterior<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/what-is-political-philosophy-iii-005\/\">Ir al inicio de esta entrada<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/que-es-la-filosofia-politica-leonardus-struthio\/\">Ir al Sumario y Presentaci\u00f3n<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; color: #993300;\">ARC\u0100NA IMPERI\u012a<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wiki\/arcana-imperii\/\">***<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"wiki_cats":[30],"wiki_tags":[],"class_list":["post-10785","yada_wiki","type-yada_wiki","status-publish","hentry","wiki_cats-political-philosophy-iii"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/yada_wiki\/10785","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/yada_wiki"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/yada_wiki"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10785"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/yada_wiki\/10785\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12996,"href":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/yada_wiki\/10785\/revisions\/12996"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10785"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"wiki_cats","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wiki_cats?post=10785"},{"taxonomy":"wiki_tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atriumphilosophicum.es\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wiki_tags?post=10785"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}