Apologia Xenophon 005

Ξενοφῶν / Xenophōn

Apología de Sócrates

(10-13)

Ἀπολογία Σωκράτους 005

[10] Οὕτως δὲ γνόντα αὐτὸν ἔφη [εἰπεῖν],1JDGB: Hoc verbum omittit. ἐπειδὴ κατηγόρησαν αὐτοῦ οἱ ἀντίδικοι ὡς οὓς μὲν ἡ πόλις νομίζει θεοὺς οὐ νομίζοι, ἕτερα δὲ καινὰ δαιμόνια εἰσφέροι καὶ τοὺς νέους διαφθείροι, παρελθόντα εἰπεῖν· [11] Ἀλλ᾽ ἐγώ, ὦ ἄνδρες, τοῦτο μὲν πρῶτον θαυμάζω Μελήτου, ὅτῳ ποτὲ γνοὺς λέγει ὡς ἐγὼ οὓς ἡ πόλις νομίζει θεοὺς οὐ νομίζω·2JDGB: Ἀλλ᾽ ἐγώ, ὦ ἄνδρες, τοῦτο μὲν πρῶτον θαυμάζω Μελήτου ὅ τῳ ποτὲ γνοὺς λέγει ὡς ἐγὼ οὓς ἡ πόλις νομίζει θεοὺς οὐ νομίζω. ἐπεὶ θύοντά γέ με ἐν ταῖς κοιναῖς ἑορταῖς καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν δημοσίων βωμῶν καὶ οἱ ἄλλοι οἱ παρατυγχάνοντες ἑώρων καὶ αὐτὸς Μέλητος, εἰ ἐβούλετο. [12] καινά γε μὴν δαιμόνια πῶς ἂν ἐγὼ εἰσφέροιμι λέγων ὅτι θεοῦ μοι φωνὴ φαίνεται σημαίνουσα ὅ τι χρὴ ποιεῖν; καὶ γὰρ οἱ φθόγγοις οἰωνῶν καὶ οἱ φήμαις ἀνθρώπων χρώμενοι φωναῖς δήπου τεκμαίρονται. βροντὰς δὲ ἀμφιλέξει τις ἢ μὴ φωνεῖν ἢ μὴ μέγιστον οἰωνιστήριον εἶναι; ἡ δὲ Πυθοῖ ἐν τῷ τρίποδι ἱέρεια οὐ καὶ αὐτὴ φωνῇ τὰ παρὰ τοῦ θεοῦ διαγγέλλει; [13] ἀλλὰ μέντοι καὶ τὸ προειδέναι γε τὸν θεὸν τὸ μέλλον καὶ τὸ προσημαίνειν ᾧ βούλεται, καὶ τοῦτο, ὥσπερ ἐγώ φημι, οὕτω πάντες καὶ λέγουσι καὶ νομίζουσιν. ἀλλ᾽ οἱ μὲν οἰωνούς τε καὶ φήμας καὶ συμβόλους τε καὶ μάντεις ὀνομάζουσι τοὺς προσημαίνοντας εἶναι, ἐγὼ δὲ τοῦτο δαιμόνιον καλῷ καὶ οἶμαι οὕτως ὀνομάζων καὶ ἀληθέστερα καὶ ὁσιώτερα λέγειν τῶν τοῖς ὄρνισιν ἀνατιθέντων τὴν τῶν θεῶν δύναμιν. ὥς γε μὴν οὐ ψεύδομαι κατὰ τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ τοῦτ᾽ ἔχω τεκμήριον· καὶ γὰρ τῶν φίλων πολλοῖς δὴ ἐξαγγείλας τὰ τοῦ θεοῦ συμβουλεύματα οὐδεπώποτε ψευσάμενος ἐφάνην.

LSJ

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Apologia Sōcratis 005

[10] Y según estas sus ideas, dijo Hermógenes, cuando sus enemigos le acusaron de no reconocer los Dioses reconocidos por la Ciudad, sino de introducir otros demonios nuevos, y de pervertir a los jóvenes, se adelantó y dijo: [11] «Varones, lo que sobre todo me ha sorprendido en Meleto es que haya podido pensar que no admito yo los Dioses que la Ciudad tiene por tales, cuando todos me han podido ver sacrificando en las fiestas solemnes y en los altares públicos, y lo ha podido ver Meleto mismo, si lo hubiera querido. [12] En cuanto a eso de que introduzco demonios nuevos, ¿cómo deducirlo de que me parece oír en mí una voz que me indica lo que debo hacer? Porque los que se sirven de las voces de aves y de las palabras de los hombres, como de oráculos, se guían evidentemente por voces. Nadie puede negar que el trueno sea una voz, y aun oráculo mayor que todos los de aves. Y ¿no se manifiesta la voluntad del Dios por medio de la sacerdotisa de Pithos.3En el texto griego, Pithó, que es otro nombre de Delfos. Pit (Πυθώ) se relaciona con Pitia, la sacerdotisa que servía de oráculo, y con Pitón, una serpiente o dragón que vivía en el lugar. Pitón deriva del verbo πύθω (pýthō), ‘pudrirse’. sentada en su trípode? [13] Pues bien: digo yo, y lo dicen y piensan todos, que ese Dios4Apolo. tiene el conocimiento del futuro y que lo revela a quien él quiere. Sólo que unos llaman a esto augurios, voces, símbolos, presagios, y yo lo llamo demonio; y al llamarlo así pienso declararlo con mayor verdad y respeto que los de aquellos que adscriben a las aves el poder de los dioses. Y la prueba de que yo no miento contra Dios es ésta: siempre que he anunciado a muchos de mis amigos los designios del Dios, jamás se me ha cogido en mentira».

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Apology of Socrates 005

[10] Hermogenes stated that with this resolve Socrates came before the jury after his adversaries had charged him with not believing in the gods worshipped by the state and with the introduction of new deities in their stead and with corruption of the young, and replied: [11] “One thing that I marvel at in Meletus, gentlemen, is what may be the basis of his assertion that I do not believe in the gods worshipped by the state; for all who have happened to be near at the time, as well as Meletus himself,—if he so desired, — have seen me sacrificing at the communal festivals and on the public altars. [12] As for introducing ‘new divinities,’ how could I be guilty of that merely in asserting that a voice of God is made manifest to me indicating my duty? Surely those who take their omens from the cries of birds and the utterances of men form their judgments on ‘voices.’ Will any one dispute either that thunder utters its ‘voice,’ or that it is an omen of the greatest moment? Does not the very priestess who sits on the tripod at Delphi divulge the god’s will through a ‘voice’? [13] But more than that, in regard to God’s foreknowledge of the future and his forewarning thereof to whomsoever he will, these are the same terms, I assert, that all men use, and this is their belief. The only difference between them and me is that whereas they call the sources of their forewarning ‘birds,’ ‘utterances,’ ‘chance meetings,’ ‘prophets,’ I call mine a ‘divine’ thing;5Or «divine sign.» Here, as earlier, the mere adjective is used; but Plato’s Theages (128d ss.) and Apology (31d) this admonitory something is described as a voice sent by heavenly dispensation, and is calle variously “the sign” (Plat., Apol., 41d), “the usual sign” (Plat., Apol., 40c), “the divine sign” (Plat., Rep., 496c), “the usual divine sign” (Plat., Euthyd., 272e; Plat., Phaedr., 242b; “the sign from God” (Plat., Apol. 40b), “something God-sent and divine” (Plat., Apol., 31d). Plato reports Socrates’ description of this as a voice not directing his actions but serving only as a deterrent when he or his friends were contemplating doing something inadvisable. and I think that in using such a term I am speaking with more truth and deeper religious feeling than do those who ascribe the gods’ power to birds. Now that I do not lie against God I have the following proof: I have revealed to many of my friends the counsels which God has given me, and in no instance has the event shown that I was mistaken.”

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